";s:4:"text";s:4753:" --- Decided: March 10, 1952. With him on the brief was Walter F. Dodd.Robert L. Stern argued the cause for respondent in No. He may claim protection against our Government unavailable to the citizen. JUSTICE JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.This brings us to the alternative defense under the Due Process Clause - that, granting the power, it is so unreasonably and harshly exercised by this enactment that it should be held unconstitutional.It is contended that this policy allows no escape by reformation. 36 Stat. Burgess v. Salmon, 97 U.S. 381, 385. It has ordered these aliens deported not for what they are but for what they once were. Those guarantees of liberty and livelihood are the essence of the freedom which this country from the beginning has offered the people of all lands. She admits being a member of the Communist Party for about a year, beginning in 1919, and again from 1928 to 1930, and again from 1936 to 1937 or 1938. These aliens are not entitled to judicial relief unless some other constitutional limitation has been transgressed, to which inquiry we turn.The reaction of the Communist Party was to drop aliens from membership, at least in form, in order to immunize them from the consequences of their party membership.The Court's acknowledgment of the sole responsibility of Congress for these matters has been made possible by Justices whose cultural outlook, whose breadth of view and robust tolerance were not exceeded by those of Jefferson. These aliens violated that prohibition and incurred liability to deportation. This Act was approved by President Roosevelt June 28, 1940, when a world war was threatening to involve us, as soon it did. Certainly, however, nothing in the structure of our Government or the text of our Constitution would warrant judicial review by standards which would require us to equate our political judgment with that of Congress.Mr. Relief was denied, without opinion, by a three-judge District Court for the District of Columbia and her case also comes here by direct appeal.Congress has not proceeded by that standard. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.During all the years since 1920 Congress has maintained a standing admonition to aliens, on pain of deportation, not to become members of any organization that advocates overthrow of the United States Government by force and violence, a category repeatedly held to include the Communist Party. Harisiades, a Greek national, accompanied his father to the United States in 1916, when thirteen years of age, and has resided here since. It has ordered these aliens deported not for what they are but for what they once were. 43 and appellees in Nos.
When this Court, in 1939, held that that Act reached only aliens who were members when the proceedings against them were instituted, Kessler v. Strecker, 307 U.S. 22, Congress promptly enacted the statute before us, making deportation mandatory for all aliens who at any time past have been members of the proscribed organizations. Perhaps a hearing would show that they continue to be people dangerous and hostile to us. 43 and for appellees in Nos. She disavowed much knowledge of party principles and program, claiming she joined each time because of some injustice the party was then fighting.
Reform in this field must be entrusted to the branches of the Government in control of our international relations and treaty-making powers.When the Communist Party as a matter of party strategy formally expelled alien members en masse, it destroyed any significance that discontinued membership might otherwise have as indication of change of heart by the individual. HARISIADES v. SHAUGHNESSY, District Director of Immigration & Naturalization of Port of NewYork. This Act was approved by President Roosevelt June 28, 1940, when a world war was threatening to involve us, as soon it did.
As an alien he retains a claim upon the state of his citizenship to diplomatic intervention on his behalf, a patronage often of considerable value. Opinion for Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U.S. 580, 72 S. Ct. 512, 96 L. Ed. HARISIADES v. SHAUGHNESSY, Acting District Director of Immigration and Naturalization at Port of New York. 206.